PoustT

__**Determining the Ksp of Calcium Hydroxide**__ __**Purpose**__ - The primary objective in this experiment is to determine the Ksp of the compound. By determining the molar concentration of dissolved hydroxide ions in the saturated solution, we will have the necessary information to calculate the Ksp.


 * **Name** || __**Equivalence Point (mL)**__ ||
 * Trial 1 || 12.2mL ||
 * Trial 2 || 10.8mL ||
 * Trial 3 || 11.3mL ||
 * Trial 4 || 11.1mL ||

__**Conclusion**__ Overall, we obtained an average equivalence point of 11.35 mL. We then needed to calculate the moles of OH- from the results of our trials. I took the 0.05 mol / L of HCl and set it equal to x / 0.01135 (the average volume of the equivalence points). I solved for x to get 5.675 x 10^-4. I then took the number of moles (5.675 x 10^-4) and divided it by the volume of calcium hydroxide (0.015L) to get concentration of OH, which is 0.03783 mol/L. To find the concentration of Ca, I found half the concentration of OH, which is 0.018915 mol/L. In order to find Ksp for this experiment, I plugged in the concentrations of Ca and OH in to the Ksp equation for the reaction: Ksp = [Ca2+][OH-]^2. I solved to get 2.7 x 10^-5. The accepted value of the Ksp for calcium hydroxide is 5.5 x 10^-6, which varies with our answer. This error is most likely caused by recording the data, and how the measurements of pH or color change were not carefully paid attention to. The values that we were recording were rough values that could have been more specific with better equipment. This large margin of error is most likely caused for those reasons.

__**The Effect of Concentration on Solubility**__ __**Purpose**__ - The purpose of this lab is to study the effect of increasing the concentration of an ionic compound on conductivity. Basically, we are studying the relationship between concentration and conductivity.

__**Data**__

__**Conclusion**__ Overall, we can see in the graph that as you added more drops of a particular solution, the conductivity value also went up. Also, we can see that the most conductive solution included AlCl3, while the next most conductive was CaCl2, and the least conductive being NaCl. But why is AlCl3 ' s conductivity greater than the conductivity of NaCl, for example. Well, NaCl only breaks down into two ions, which are Na+ and Cl-. AlCl3, however, breaks down into a total of four ions, which, theoretically, should mean that AlCl3 is double the conductivity of NaCl at an equal number of drops. AlCl3 breaks into Al+ and 3Cl-, which is 4 ions. So, to respond to the purpose of the lab, the effect of the increasing concentration of an ionic compound is an increase in conductivity; As concentration goes up, so do the number of ions found in the ionic solution, therefore increasing the conductivity of the solution. CaCl2, which has 3 ions, is much less conductive than AlCl3, for example, because AlCl3 has 4 ions, making it 1 and 1/3 times greater than CaCl2 theoretically, but our results show that it is almost double the conductivity. Finally, this lab shows that when there is a presence of many ions in a solution, rather than a few, the conductivity will be much larger. This concludes that Volume (Drops) varies directly with Conductivity (microsiemens).

__**Developing the Perfect Fertilizer**__ __**Purpose**__ -- The purpose of this lab is to develop a new line of custom concentrations of liquid potassium nitrate (KNO3) fertilizer to organic farmers. I was hired by Fertrell Company, the oldest producer of organic fertilizers in the United States.

__**Data**__ __**The Line of Best Fit**__ = y = 0.433x + 10.35

__**Conclusion**__ When three customers request solutions of different concentrations, we determined the temperature that the solution needs to be to accommodate the order using the line of best fit. In 110g of KNO3 in 100g of water, it takes 57.98 degrees Celsius. In addition, 60g of KNO3 in 100g of water at 36.33 degrees Celsius and 140g of KNO3 in 200g of water at 70.97 Degrees Celsius. When one customer wants 50g of KNO3 in 100g of water at 50 degrees celsius, we found that it is possible to fulfill the order because ours crystallizes / dissolves at 32 degrees celsius. This means that we can definitely fulfill the order because if ours can dissolve at 32 degrees celcius, then it can easily dissolve at 50 degrees celcius. Overall, our "fertilizer" will work perfectly for the farmer who needs it!

__**Drinking Water Contamination Kit Lab**__
 * __Purpose__** -- The purpose of this lab is to determine which metal is more "active" than other metals, and through a series of single replacement reactions we can rank the highest to lowest metal.

__**Data**__

1. __**Aluminum**__ - We have found out that aluminum is ranked first because when it was placed in a reaction Al + ZnCl we found that the reaction took place, which means that Aluminum is stronger than Zinc. 2. __**Zinc**__ - When Iron was placed in a reaction with Zinc Chloride, nothing happened, which means that Iron is less reactive and weaker than Zinc. 3. __**Iron**__ - When Iron was combined with Lead Nitrate, Iron took lead's place in the reaction meaning that Iron is stronger than lead, and lead is ranked below iron. 4. __**Lead**__ - When lead was added to Iron Chloride, or FeCl, no reaction took place, which would mean that lead is weaker than iron, and is therefore ranked fourth. 5. __**Copper**__ - When copper was added to Lead Nitrate, no reaction took place which would mean that Copper is weaker than Lead, and must be ranked last.

__**Conclusion**__ In conclusion, after finishing the lab we realized that the series of reactions has resulted in Aluminum being the highest reaction activity. The lowest ranking metal after finishing the lab was found to be Copper. We found out each individual rank due to the single displacement reaction. For example, when the metal came into contact with the aqueous solution, it either reacted or nothing happened at all. If nothing happened to the metal, then it is less reactive than the metal in the aqueous solution. If a reaction does occur, then the metal that was put into the aqueous solution is more reactive than the metal that is in the solution. This means that the metal put in the solution will take the other metal's place, resulting in a single replacement reaction.

__**Determination of a Hydrate Lab**__ __**Purpose**__ -- The purpose of this lab is to test a hygroscopic ionic compound to determine its water of hydration.

__**Data**__
 * Compound selected or analysis || Copper (II) Sulfate ||
 * Mass of crucible (g) || 28.5 Grams ||
 * Mass of crucible and hydrated (wet) sample (g) || 30.00 Grams ||
 * Mass of crucible and dehydrated (dry) sample - 1st weighing (g) || 29.46 Grams ||
 * Mass of hydrated (wet) sample (g) || 1.50 Grams ||
 * Mass of crucible and dehydrated sample - 2nd weighing (g) || 29.45 Grams ||
 * Mass of crucible and dehydrated sample - if needed. || None Needed ||
 * Mass of dehydrated sample (g) || 0.95 Grams ||
 * Mass of water evaporated (g) || 0.55 Grams ||

__**Conclusion**__ Overall, this lab shows that when the hydrated (wet) sample was heated to get the dehydrated (dry) sample, we can find the mass of dehydrated sample and the water evaporate (g). Additional calculation were done to find the moles of water and eventually find the moles of hydrate, which is 5.0, or a pentahydrate. In order to find question 1, we took the mass of water evaporated (0.55g) and divided it by 18.0g/mol, which gave us the moles of water. The moles of water after the calculations were finished was .0305 g/mol. To find the answer to question 2, we took the mass of the dehydrated sample (0.95g) and divided by 159.609g/mol (molar mass of copper (II) Sulfate) to find the moles of dehydrate. The moles of dehydrate after the calculations were finished was .0060 g/mol. Next we had to calculate the moles of hydrate, where you take the moles of water divided by the moles of dehydrate. We took the answer to number 1 divided by the answer to number 2, or .0305 / .0060. This gave us the moles of hydrate, which was 5.0925. Since this number of hydrates rounds to a significant figure of 5.0, which is a pentahydrate.

Trenton Poust and Nik Golombek





I love to eat watermelon and go fishing!